Monday, December 30, 2019
Useful Japanese Expressions
Whether youre traveling to Japan or simply want to learn a new language, here are some useful Japanese expressions to get you started. Provided below is a Japanese Audio Phrasebook for many of the words and phrases in this article. Yes.Hai.㠯ã „。 No.Iie.㠄㠄㠈。 Excues me.Sumimasen.㠙㠿㠾㠛ん。 Thanks.​Doumo.㠩㠆も。 Thank you.Arigatou gozaimasu.ã ‚ã‚Šã Å'㠨ã †ã â€Ã£ â€"㠄㠾㠙。 You are welcome.Dou itashimashite.㠩㠆㠄㠟ã â€"㠾ã â€"㠦。 Do you speak Japanese?Nihongo o hanashimasu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ © ±Ã£ â€"㠾㠙㠋。 Yes, little.Hai, sukoshi.㠯ã „〠å °â€˜Ã£ â€"。 Do you understand?Wakarimasu ka.分り㠾㠙㠋。 I dont understand.Wakarimasen.分り㠾㠛ん。 I dont know.Shirimasen.çŸ ¥Ã£â€šÅ 㠾㠛ん。 How do you say it in Japanese?Nihongo de nan to iimasu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ §Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã£ ¨Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£ „㠾㠙㠋。 What does it mean?Dou iu imi desu ka.㠩ã †ã „ã †æ„ å‘ ³Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã ‹ã€‚ What is it?Kore wa nan desu ka.ã “ã‚Å'㠯ä ½â€¢Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã ‹ã€‚ Please speak slowly.Yukkuri hanashite kudasai.ゆ㠣ã ã‚Šè © ±Ã£ â€"㠦ã ã ã •ã „。 Please say it again.Mou ichido itte kudasai.ã‚‚ã †ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥ º ¦Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£ £Ã£ ¦Ã£ ã ã •ã „。 No, thanks.Iie, kekkou desu.ã „ã „ã ˆã€ ç µ æ §â€¹Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚ It is all right. Daijoubu desu.Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ ¸Ë†Ã¥ ¤ «Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚ Essential Words whatnani㠪ã « wheredoko㠩ã “ whodareã ã‚Å' whenitsuã „ã ¤ whichdore㠩ã‚Å' how muchikuraã „ã ら Weather Related Words weathertenkiÃ¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€" climatekikouæ °â€"候 temperatureondoæ ¸ ©Ã¥ º ¦ Traveling Words and Phrases Where is the Tokyo Station?Toukyou eki wa doko desu ka.æ ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã© §â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã£ ©Ã£ “㠧㠙㠋。 Does this train stop at Osaka?Kono densha wa oosaka ni tomarimasu ka.㠓㠮é› »Ã¨ »Å 㠯å ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ£ «Ã¦ ¢Ã£ ¾Ã£â€šÅ 㠾㠙㠋。 What is the next station?Tsugi wa nani eki desu ka.æ ¬ ¡Ã£ ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã© §â€¦Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã ‹ã€‚ What time does it leave?Nan-ji ni demasu ka.ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£ «Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ ¾Ã£ ™ã ‹ã€‚ Where is the bus stop?Basu-tei wa doko desu ka.ãÆ' ã‚ ¹Ã¥ Å"㠯㠩ã “㠧㠙㠋。 Does this bus goes to Kyoto?Kono basu wa kyouto ni ikimasu ka.㠓㠮ãÆ' ã‚ ¹Ã£ ¯Ã¤ º ¬Ã©Æ' ½Ã£ «Ã¨ ¡Å'ã 㠾㠙㠋。 Where can I rent a car?Doko de kuruma o kariru koto ga dekimasu ka.㠩ã “㠧è »Å を借りる㠓㠨ã Å'㠧ã 㠾㠙㠋。 How much is it daily?Ichinichi ikura desu ka.ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£ „ã ら㠧㠙㠋。 Please fill the tank.Mantan ni shite kudasai.æ ºâ‚¬Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ³Ã£ «Ã£ â€"㠦ã ã ã •ã „。 Can I park here?Koko ni kuruma o tometemo ii desu ka.㠓㠓㠫è »Å ã‚’æ ¢Ã£â€š 㠦ã‚‚ã „㠄㠧㠙㠋。 What time is the next bus?Tsugi no basu wa nanji desu ka.æ ¬ ¡Ã£ ®Ã£Æ' ã‚ ¹Ã£ ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£ §Ã£ ™ã ‹ã€‚ Greetings and Well Wishes Please give my regards to everyone.Minasama ni douzo yoroshiku.皆æ §ËœÃ£ «Ã£ ©Ã£ †ã žã‚ˆã‚ ã â€"ã 。 Please take care of yourself. Okarada o taisetsu ni.ã Šä ½â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã£ «Ã£â‚¬â€š Take care of yourself. Douzo ogenki de.㠩㠆㠞㠊å…Æ'æ °â€"㠧。 I look forward to hearing from you.Ohenji omachi shite orimasu.ã Šè ¿â€Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£ Šå ¾â€¦Ã£ ¡Ã£ â€"㠦㠊り㠾㠙。 Other Resources: Introduction to Japanese * Learn to Speak Japanese - Thinking of learning Japanese and want to know more, start here. * Introductory Lessons - If you are ready to learn Japanese, start here. * Basic Lessons - Confident with the basic lessons or want to brush up, go here. * Grammar/Expressions - Verbs, adjectives, particles, pronouns, useful expressions and more. Japanese Writing * Japanese Writing for Beginners - Introduction to Japanese writing. * Kanji Lessons - Are you interested in kanji? Here you will find the most commonly used kanji characters. * Hiragana Lessons - Here you will learn the basics of hiragana. * Learn Hiragana with Japanese Culture- Lessons to practice hiragana with Japanese cultural examples. Please check out my Japanese Audio Phrasebook to lean more Japanese vocabulary.
Sunday, December 22, 2019
A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, by Ernest Hemingway Essay...
The infamous Martin Luther King Jr. once preached, Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal. For Ernest Hemingway, the characters that he places in his stories are forever searching for peace. Much like in life itself, the achievement of temporary peace throughout the path of a lifetime can be both minute and momentous. The writer uses the literary devices of indirect characterization, setting and symbolism in order to enhance his final classification of peace. In Hemingways A Clean Well-Lighted Place, the author uses literary devices to define peace, as the temporary abandonment of ones problems, assisting one to find an avenue to persevere in life. To begin, Hemingway†¦show more content†¦Through Hemingways use of indirect characterization, the reader learns that wisdom is the old waiters method for disregarding his problems, thus achieving a state of peace. Hemingway chooses to indirectly characterize the old man as wise in order to prove that because of the mans investment in knowledge, he is able to come to a state of peace. In the quest for peace, Hemingway clearly indicates, through the old mans characterization, that the old waiter is indeed the most successful in attaining peace. The old waiter consumes himself in thoughts that revolve around his wisdom, such as truth and understanding, instead of dwelling on his problems. Throughout the story, the old waiter comes across instances in which he utilizes his peace to come to terms with a situation. For example, the old waiter feels sympathy for the intoxicated man at the bar. While some would choose to ignore his hardship, the wise waiter empathizes with him, assisting himself in finding peace in his use of perception. In addition, the old waiter uses his wisdom when the younger waiter begins complaining about his lack of youth and confidence, and the old waiter urges him to continue with his job and get home-advice that he follows himself as w ell. The old waiter assists the young waiter in finding peace. In addition, at the old waiters place of work, an old man sits and drinks for hours every night. The naive waiter judges him for this, but the wise old waiter understandsShow MoreRelatedA Clean Well-Lighted Place, by Ernest Hemingway990 Words  | 4 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s short story, A Clean Well Lighted Place, created literary controversy when it was initially published in 1933. During this time, there were several literary critics concerned with the dialogue inconsistencies. In the original story, the reader would not be able to distinguish between the two waiters. Hemingway failure to identify the characters by name leaves the story flawed according to the literary critics. Hemingway does not go into the mind of any characters butRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1640 Words  | 7 Pages â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†is possibly one of Hemingway’s mo st excellent short stories. It depicts the techniques of his signature writing style. The narrative is a perfect example of an initiation story, a short story that focuses on the key character that comes across a concept, encounter, practice or knowledge he never knew. The characters in his story are the old man, young waiter, and the old waiter. Hemingway employs a number of literary tools in the story to convey his themes of lifeRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1034 Words  | 5 PagesErnest Hemingway developed his own style of writing and follows it in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†. Hemingway’s elegance in writing is such that he indirectly gives all of the information to the reader without making any judgment; thus allowing one to create an opinion about every minute detail of the story. Hemingway illustrates his foundations of writing in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†by providing small clues that provide an indirect view of the larger meaning. Hemingway illustrates one ofRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1950 Words  | 8 Pageseverything humanity values in life is utterly meaningless. The author Ernest Hemingway is one of the few people who understands this concept of a pointless life. In his short story, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,†Hemingway reveals the principle of existentialism, that life is inherently meaningless and people must attempt to give their own lives purpose, through an analysis of the inner workings of life as a human. Hemingway first reveals life’s meaningless nature through a description of the coreRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1628 Words  | 7 PagesIn Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†the use of plot, symbolism, characters, and theme creates an intricate and complex story line. The elements of plot keep the readers engaged by guiding the reader though the story. Hemingway emphasizes on despair, loneliness, and isolation as major themes in his short story to help the reader understand the main idea. The themes represent the challenge of finding meaning in life. He also challenges the reader’s understanding of compassion thoughRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1024 Words  | 5 PagesWhen profound emotions and heartfelt experiences lay beneath a narrative subtext, a simple short story can become an elaborate puzzle where one continues to discover new pieces. Ernest Hemingway’s, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†is a fascinating short story that has a powerful theme of ‘nothingness’ and ‘loneliness’ enveloped beneath its dialogue. This short story’s re-readability pulls us, the reader, back into its’ text just to discover that a specific character’s dialogue could elude to yet anotherRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1854 Words  | 8 PagesErnest Hemingway is a noble prize winner that is noticed as one of the great American twentieth century writers, and is known for works like â€Å"The Sun Also Rises†and â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls†. When first reading Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†it seemed to be a plain, emotionless, and almost not finished short story. Although, as the reader looks deeper into the short story, they realize it’s not just about a clean, quiet, well lighted cafà © that has two employees thatRe ad MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway972 Words  | 4 Pagesin a Clean, Well-Lighted Place Despair is an emotion that can rob one’s joy, inner peace, and eventually, life. The desire for serenity is usually sought after by a person whose life is futile and is at his or her wit’s end. That individual is usually left with no other alternative but to come to the realization that if he or she fails at his or her attempts (such as suicide) to alleviate despair, then the opportunity of finding peace and comfort is an alternative worth pursuing. In Ernest Hemingway’sRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway849 Words  | 4 Pagesin life, and try to make rational existing in an irrational universe. The fact that humans are conscious of their mortality, and must make decisions about their life is basically what existentialism is all about. In the story â€Å"A clean, Well-lighted place†by Ernest Hemingway was about two waiters waiting to close up the restaurant/cafà © for the night. They only had one customer left, an old man who wa s deaf and drunk. But he wasn’t causing any trouble, just keeping to himself. The two waiters apparentlyRead More Nothingness in A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway1369 Words  | 6 PagesNothingness in A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway Man is often plagued by the question of his own existence. Existentialism is a subjective philosophy that is centered upon the examination of man’s existence, emphasizing the liberation, responsibility, and usually the solitude of the individual. It focuses on individuals finding a reason for living within themselves. The philosophy forces man to make choices for himself, on the premise that nothing is preordained, there is no fate
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Approaches to Management Free Essays
APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Dr. M. Thenmozhi Professor Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E-mail: mtm@iitm. We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches to Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now ac. in APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Empirical Approach Human Behaviour Approach Social System Approach Decision Theory Approach Mathematical Approach Socio-Technical Systems Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach Operational Approach REASONS PROBLEMS 1) Semantic problems in management literature. 2) Contributions from different disciplines. 3) Misunderstanding of principles. EMPIRICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ – – – – Study of managerial experiences and cases(mgt) Contributors: Earnest Dale, Mooney Reiley, urwick. Features Study of Managerial Experiences Managerial experience passed from participationer to students for continuity in knowledge management. Study of Successful failure cases help practicising managers. Theoretical research combined with practical experiences. †¢ – Uses Learning through experience of others †¢ – – Limitations No Contribution for the development of management as a discipline Situations of past not the same as present. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH †¢ – – Organisation as people ) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach – Individual Psychology b) Group Behaviour Approach – Organisation Behaviour †¢ – – – – Features Draws heavily from psychology sociology. Understand human relations. Emphasis on greater productivity through motivation good human relations Motivation, leadership, participative management group dynamics are core of this approach. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH Contd.. †¢ Uses – Demonstrates how management can be effective by applying knowledge of organisation behaviour. †¢ Contributors – Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, Mc Cleland, Argyris, Likert, Lewin, Mc Gregor, etc. Limitations – Treating management as equivalent to human behaviour. – Talks about organisation organisation behaviour in vague terms. SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH †¢ †¢ Understanding the behaviour of groups individuals. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Social System, a system of cultural relationship Relationship exist between external and internal environment of the organisation. Formal Organisation – Cultural relationships of social groups working within the organisation. Co-operation necessary Efforts directed – harmony between goals of organ isation goals of groups. SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH Contd†¦ †¢ Contributors – Pareto, Chester Barnard †¢ Uses – Organisational decisions should not be based on desires of one group alone but should reflect the interests of all the parties. †¢ Limitations – Broader than management its practice – Overlooks many management concepts principles techniques that are important to practising managers. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Manager – Decision maker †¢ Organisation – Decision making unit. †¢ Features – Management is decision making. – Members of Organisation – decision makers and problem solvers. Decision making – control point in management – Increasing efficiency – the quality of decision – MIS, process techniques of decision making are the subject matter of study. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Contributors – Simon, Cyert, Forrester, etc. †¢ Uses – Tools for making s uitable decisions in organisations. †¢ Limitation – Does not take the total view of management – Decision making – one aspect of management MATHEMATICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ Management- logical entity Actions- Mathematical symbols, Relationships and measurable data. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Problem Solving mechanism with the help of mathematical tools and techniques. Problems Expressed in mathematical symbols. Variables in management – quantified. Scope – Decision making, system analysis some aspect of human behaviour. Tools – Operations research ,simulation etc. MATHEMATICAL APPROACH Cont.. †¢ Contributors – Newman, Russell Ackoff, Charles Hitch, etc. †¢ Uses – Provided Exactness in management discipline. †¢ Limitations – Not a separate school – Technique in decision making. SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Features – Social technicals systems interact. This interaction is important for organisational effectiveness. – Organisation – governed by social laws as well as psychological forces. Technical aspects of organisation modified by the social aspects. †¢ Contributors – Trist, Bamforth, Emery etc. †¢ Uses – Organisational effectiveness depends on looking at people and their interactions and also at the technical environment in which they operate. – Change in technology – Change in social interactions at work place SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Limitations – – – – Lack of total managerial view Concentrate on factory or other production system No new contribution People aware about the role of technology of the social system of the work place SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ An enterprise Man-Made system Internal parts Achieve established goals External parts Achieve interplay with its environment Manager integrates his available facilities with goal achievement. †¢ Uses – Quick Perception – Better Planning †¢ Limitations – Complicated – Expensive CONTIGENCY SCHOOL †¢ In developing management concepts the environment within which the concepts are to be applied has to be considered. †¢ Internal environment – Structure, Processess, Technology. †¢ External Environment – Social, Economic, Political etc. †¢ Features Appropriateness of a management technique depends on situation. – If – Then approach. OPERATIONAL APPROACH †¢ Management is a process. †¢ Universalist / Classist / Traditional Approach. †¢ This school concentrates on the role and functions of managers and distills the principles to be followed by them. †¢ Features – – – – – Functions of managers remain same Functions of management core of good management Framework of management Principles of management †¢ Contributors – Fayol, Lyndall Urwick ,Harold Koontz, Newman, Mc Farland, Taylor. †¢ Uses – Flexible practical but not universal. How to cite Approaches to Management, Papers
Friday, December 6, 2019
History Diagnosis And Treatment Of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Essay Example For Students
History Diagnosis And Treatment Of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Essay HISTORY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS. Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis is a serious neurological disease in horses caused by a parasite protozoa thought to be sarcosystis neurona. The disease was first identified in the 1960’s when lesions and inflammation were seen in the brain and spinal cords of horses that had died of severe neurologic disease. Protozoa were discovered on the lesions in 1974, however the vector was unknown and the disease considered rare. Recently the opossum has been isolated as the probable vector and the likely parasite organism identified as Sarcosystis falcatula. (Fenger, 1996)The Sarcosystis protozoan parasites have a complicated life cycle. They exist in two distinct forms. One in the definitive host (a carnivore like the opossum) and one in a secondary or intermediate host (wild birds that the opossum feeds on). It reproduces in the digestive tract of the definitive host and passes infective sporocysts in the feces, which are then taken in by the secondary host. There the sporocysts m igrate to the muscles and can persist for years until the secondary host is eaten by the definitive host. The protozoa are usually very host specific (requiring a specific carnivore to reproduce), and most likely neither host show any clinical signs of disease. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999)The horse is an unfortunate casualty in this cycle; it is infected when feces of the opossum are ingested with their food material. The horse is a dead-end host, meaning it is not required in the parasite’s life cycle and therefore the disease cannot be transmitted from horse to horse. Several interesting facts put forth by the University of Missouri: EPM is seen only in parts of the world that are inhabited by opossum specifically the Americas. It has been estimated that seroprevalence (indicating exposure) in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky is as high as 50%, however only a small percentage (2-3%) of those exposed will become ill with symptoms. Native wild birds infected are not likely to sh ow any symptoms, however non-native birds become acutely ill and die from S. falcatula exposure. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999)Primary clinical signs of EPM occur from swelling and nerve death in the central nervous system as a result of the replicating protozoa. Neurologic signs can be directly referable to the site or sites of infection. The spinal cord is most often affected resulting in the â€Å"three A†symptoms of asymmetric ataxia and focal muscle atrophy. (Fenger, 1996) Ataxia affects the horse’s sense of position in space. When the nerves in the inner ear are damaged the horse loses unconscious proprioception which is the directional sense of up and down. When the conscious proprioception tracts from the joints and muscles of the legs are damaged the animal loses its sense of limb position in space. (Fenger, 1995) Ataxia is associated with the staggering â€Å"drunken sailor†gait used to describe animals with neurological dysfunction, and can be rated on a scale of one to five. Five being a horse which cannot stand up and one being a horse which is unlikely to fall and looks normal walking strait but can be made to show deficit when turning, or going up and down an incline. Horses with EPM can exhibit any level of ataxia from mild to severe however often horses’ symptoms will be asymmetric (more severe on one side) and be combined with focal muscle atrophy (wasting and weakness) especially in the hindquarters. (Fenger, 1995) It is important to note that often the only signs of EPM may be a slight gait asymmetry or apparent lameness that fails to block out in a comprehensive lameness exam. Therefore the disease may not be apparent to the lay person in its early stages. (Fenger, 1996) EPM is often overlooked in the ten percent of horses that experience airway problems as a result of cranial nerve dysfunction. Because most horses that have airway problems do not have EPM it is often missed in its early stages, the astute observer may notice signs of ‘quidding’ (food material in the nostrils) and atrophy of the temporalis and/or masseter muscles. (Fenger, 1996)Secondary clinical signs are the result of injury to other structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments due to ataxia and nerve dysfunction. Upward fixation of the patella is common, probably because of quadriceps weakness. Other problems such as bucked shins, splints and bowed tendons can occur due to the tendency for these animals to travel very heavily on the forehand. Another common side effect is back soreness-often severe-resulting from the asymmetric use of the limbs. (Fenger, 1996)EPM can often be seen by observing horses during training however, it may easily be overlooked or attributed to a number of other ailments. Early signs may include evident discomfort and weakness in the rear limbs. Frequent bucking, head tossing or excessively high head carriage. Minimal forward extension at the gallop and difficulty maintaining a s pecific lead, and negotiating turns are all symptoms; the horse may cross-canter or frequently change leads. The front limbs may seem to â€Å"float†at the trot, or the horse may drag one or all of its feet. Racehorses frequently have trouble breaking from the starting gate, and/or maintaining position in the turns. An important sign of EPM that is probably most often overlooked is many horses with the disease develop a bad attitude towards training, due to a lack of confidence, or pain associated with secondary problems. (Fenger, 1996) Horses that exhibit these problems should be evaluated by a vet for other neurological abnormalities. .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .postImageUrl , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:hover , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:visited , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:active { border:0!important; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:active , .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uebc85ee06734acd135cbdd672ebe2b1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thermal Energy Essay EPM can mimic any other neurological disease and therefore can be very difficult to diagnose effectively. The clinical signs can range from very mild to severe and the progression of the disease slow or sometimes not at all. Meaning that many horses with mild cases will never be diagnosed at all. A Western blot test can be used to test blood serum for anti-bodies indicating exposure, however a positive serum result does not mean that the horse is infected with the disease. Because EPM can present itself like a number of other diseases it is necessary to use further tests to definitively diagnose. For most animals this means an analysis of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) which when abnormal will show in increased level of proteins and inflammation. (Fenger, 1996) The CSF can be extracted either from the Allanto-occipital space (where the head meets the neck) or from the Lumbo-sacral space (above the hindquarters.) However since the CSF flows in a caudal (towards the back) direction th e Lumbo-sacral space is preferred as it will be more likely to show inflammation. Also important to consider is that testing the Allanto-occipital space requires that the horse be anesthetized and laid down, which can be dangerous in a horse that has neurological problems. (Levine, 1999)The University of Missouri-Columbia’s current recommendations for treatment include a course of oral anti-protozoal drugs combined with sulfa drugs for a minimum of 12-16 weeks, and the horse should remain on the medication for 4 weeks after neurological symptoms disappear. The relapse rate after treatment is about 40%, however the majority of those cases occur because treatment was discontinued after less than three months. (Fenger, 1996) The current medicine of choice is Sulfadiazine and Pyremethamine used together, they should be administered once a day orally on an empty stomach to achieve peak drug levels. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999) About 10% of horses experience a ‘treatment crisisà ¢â‚¬â„¢ where the symptoms actually worsen while on the medication, this may be caused by the dying parasites and the resulting inflammation. Usually these horses respond to anti-inflammatory drugs such as Banamine. (Levine, 1999) About one third of horses will respond to treatment in the first 10-14 days, however sometimes permanent damage has occurred to the Central Nervous System and the horse may not fully recover. If improvement is not noted within 4-6 weeks then the prognosis for recovery is relatively poor. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999)Pyremethamine and Sulfdiazine may cause folic acid deficiency in treated animals and previously supplementation was recommended. New research indicates that oral folic acid supplements can actually interfere with folic acid absorption making the situation worse, especially in pregnant mares and foals. Supplementation with Folinic acid appears to be safer and is routinely administered to human patients with CNS Toxoplasmosis to prevent anemia during treatment. It should be noted that Pyremethamine cause birth defects in humans and therefore foals born to treated mares may be abnormal and often die. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999) Vitamin E supplements have also been recommended due to its antioxidant and mild anti-inflammatory properties. There is no vaccine for EPM and treatment does not always result in success therefore prevention is the only method of management for this disease. Currently the only way to prevent EPM is to be vigilant about keeping opossums and wild birds out of the barn. Big dogs will deter the animals and barn cats are useful in keeping birds away, however dog and cat food must be minimized because that will attract the opossum. Trapping and removal of opossum is possible however the best method of prevention is to eliminate food sources. Grain should be stored in a sealed airtight container, any spills should be cleaned up immediately and excess should not accumulate in the stalls. If possible horses should not be permitted to drink from stagnant ponds or slow moving streams that may be contaminated. Mice and rats should also be minimized in the barn because they may play a role in dispersing the opossum’s feces. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999)Animal Science
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